retriable.cr

Retriable is a simple DSL to retry failed code blocks with randomized exponential backoff time intervals. This is especially useful when interacting external APIs, remote services, or file system calls.

Installation

Add this to your application's shard.yml:

dependencies:
  retriable:
    github: Sija/retriable.cr

Usage

Code in a Retriable.retry block will be retried if either an exception is raised or next retry is called.

require "retriable"

class Api
  # Use it in methods that interact with unreliable services
  def get
    Retriable.retry do
      # code here...
    end
  end
end

Defaults

By default, Retriable will:

• rescue any exception inherited from Exception
• use randomized exponential backoff to calculate each succeeding try interval.

The default interval table with 10 tries looks like this (in seconds, rounded to the nearest millisecond):

| Retry # | Min | Average | Max | | -------- | -------- | -------- | -------- | | 1 | 0.25 | 0.5 | 0.75 | | 2 | 0.375 | 0.75 | 1.125 | | 3 | 0.563 | 1.125 | 1.688 | | 4 | 0.844 | 1.688 | 2.531 | | 5 | 1.266 | 2.531 | 3.797 | | 6 | 1.898 | 3.797 | 5.695 | | 7 | 2.848 | 5.695 | 8.543 | | 8 | 4.271 | 8.543 | 12.814 | | 9 | 6.407 | 12.814 | 19.222 | | 10 | stop | stop | stop |

Options

Here are the available options, in some vague order of relevance to most common use patterns:

| Option | Default | Definition | | ----------------------- | ----------------- | ----------------------------- | | max_attempts | nil | Number of attempts to make at running your code block (includes initial attempt). | | except | nil | Type of exceptions to NOT retry. Read more. | | on | nil | Type of exceptions to retry. Read more. | | on_retry | nil | Proc to call after each try is rescued. Read more. | | base_interval | 0.5.seconds | The initial interval between tries. | | max_elapsed_time | 15.minutes | The maximum amount of total time that code is allowed to keep being retried. | | max_interval | 1.minute | The maximum interval that any individual retry can reach. | | multiplier | 1.5 | Each successive interval grows by this factor. A multiplier of 1.5 means the next interval will be 1.5x the current interval. | | rand_factor | 0.5 | The percentage to randomize the next retry interval time. The next interval calculation is randomized_interval = retry_interval * (random value in range [1 - randomization_factor, 1 + randomization_factor]) | | intervals | nil | Skip generated intervals and provide your own Enumerable of intervals in seconds. Read more. | | backoff | true | Whether backoff strategy should be used. | | random | Random::DEFAULT | Object inheriting from Random, which provides an interface for random values generation, using a pseudo random number generator (PRNG). |

Configuring which options to retry with :on/:except

:on / :except Can take the form:

• An Exception class (retry every exception of this type, including subclasses)
• An Enumerable of Exception classes (retry any exception of one of these types, including subclasses)
• A single Proc (retries exceptions ONLY if return is truthy)
• A Hash where the keys are Exception classes and the values are one of:
  • nil (retry every exception of the key's type, including subclasses)
  • A single Proc (retries exceptions ONLY for non nil returns)
  • A single Regex pattern (retries exceptions ONLY if their message matches the pattern)
  • An Enumerable of patterns (retries exceptions ONLY if their message matches at least one of the patterns)

Configuration

You can change the global defaults with a #configure block:

Retriable.configure do |settings|
  settings.max_attempts = 5
  settings.max_elapsed_time = 1.hour
end

Example usage

This example will only retry on a IO::Timeout, retry 3 times and sleep for a full second before each try.

Retriable.retry(on: IO::Timeout, times: 3, base_interval: 1.second) do
  # code here...
end

You can also specify multiple errors to retry on by passing an Enumerable of exceptions.

Retriable.retry(on: {IO::Timeout, Errno::ECONNRESET}) do
  # code here...
end

You can also use a Hash to specify that you only want to retry exceptions with certain messages (see the documentation above). This example will retry all ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique exceptions, ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid exceptions where the message matches either /Parent must exist/ or /Username has already been taken/, or Mysql2::Error exceptions where the message matches /Duplicate entry/.

Retriable.retry(on: {
  ActiveRecord::RecordNotUnique => nil,
  ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid => [/Parent must exist/, /Username has already been taken/],
  ActiveRecord::RecordNotFound => ->(ex : Exception, attempt : Int32, elapsed : Time::Span, interval : Time::Span) {
    {User, Post}.includes?(ex.model.class)
  },
  Mysql2::Error => /Duplicate entry/,
}) do
  # code here...
end

Customizing intervals

You can also bypass the built-in interval generation and provide your own Enumerable of intervals. Supplying your own intervals overrides the max_attempts, base_interval, max_interval, rand_factor, and multiplier parameters.

Retriable.retry(intervals: {0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 2.5}) do
  # code here...
end

This example makes 5 total attempts. If the first attempt fails, the 2nd attempt occurs 0.5 seconds later.

Turning off exponential backoff

Exponential backoff is enabled by default. If you want to simply retry code every second, 5 times maximum, you can do this:

Retriable.retry(times: 5, base_interval: 1.second, multiplier: 1.0, rand_factor: 0.0) do
  # code here...
end

This works by starting at a 1 second base_interval. Setting the multiplier to 1.0 means each subsequent try will increase 1x, which is still 1.0 seconds, and then a rand_factor of 0.0 means that there's no randomization of that interval. (By default, it would randomize 0.5 seconds, which would mean normally the intervals would randomize between 0.75 and 1.25 seconds, but in this case rand_factor is basically being disabled.)

Same thing can be done by passing backoff: false option.

Retriable.retry(times: 5, backoff: false) do
  # code here...
end

Another way to accomplish this would be to create an array with a fixed interval. In this example, Array.new(5, 1.second) creates an array with 5 elements, all with the value of 1 second as Time::Span instances. The code block will retry up to 5 times, and wait 1 second between each attempt.

# Array.new(5, 1.second) # => [00:00:01, 00:00:01, 00:00:01, 00:00:01, 00:00:01]

Retriable.retry(intervals: Array.new(5, 1.second)) do
  # code here...
end

If you don't want exponential backoff but you still want some randomization between intervals, this code will run every 1 seconds with a randomization factor of 0.2, which means each interval will be a random value between 0.8 and 1.2 (1 second +/- 0.2):

Retriable.retry(base_interval: 1.second, multiplier: 1.0, rand_factor: 0.2) do
  # code here...
end

Callbacks

#retry also provides a callback called :on_retry that will run after an exception is rescued. This callback provides the exception that was raised in the current try, the try_number, the elapsed_time for all tries so far, and the time (as a Time::Span) of the next_interval.

do_this_on_each_retry = ->(ex : Exception, attempt : Int32, elapsed_time : Time::Span, next_interval : Time::Span) do
  log "#{ex.class}: '#{ex.message}' - #{attempt} attempt in #{elapsed_time} seconds and #{next_interval} seconds until the next try."
end

Retriable.retry(on_retry: do_this_on_each_retry) do
  # code here...
end

Ensure/Else

What if I want to execute a code block at the end, whether or not an exception was rescued (ensure)? Or what if I want to execute a code block if no exception is raised (else)? Instead of providing more callbacks, I recommend you just wrap retriable in a begin/retry/else/ensure block:

begin
  Retriable.retry do
    # some code
  end
rescue ex
  # run this if retriable ends up re-rasing the exception
else
  # run this if retriable doesn't raise any exceptions
ensure
  # run this no matter what, exception or no exception
end

Kernel extension

If you want to call Retriable.retry without the Retriable module prefix and you don't mind extending Kernel, there is a kernel extension available for this.

In your crystal program:

require "retriable/core_ext/kernel"

and then you can call #retry in any context like this:

retry do
  # code here...
end

Contributors

• @Sija Sijawusz Pur Rahnama - creator, maintainer

Thanks

Thanks to all of the contributors for their awesome work on Retriable gem, from which this shard was ported.